Day 1 of 25: Articles in Greek
Today's topic: ο/η/το, τον/την/το, του/της/του, οι/τα, τους/τις/τα, των; the indefinite articles ένας/μία/ένα.
Level: A2. Context: everyday life in Cyprus — cafés, the sea, the city, renting, shopping, getting around, meeting people.
1. What you need to learn
In Greek, nouns are almost always used with an article. The article shows the gender, number and case of the noun.
2. The definite article: "this / that / the one you know"
The definite article is used when the thing or person is already known, specific, or clear from the situation.
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | When it's used |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative Who? What? (subject) |
ο | η | το | Subject: who or what does the action |
| Accusative Whom? What? Where to? (object / direction) |
τον | την | το | Object of the action or direction |
| Genitive Of whom? Of what? Whose? (possession) |
του | της | του | Possession, part, price, connection |
Examples in the singular
Nominative case (who? what? — the subject)
The coffee is hot. (masc. — ο)
The beach is nearby. (fem. — η)
The hotel is in Limassol. (neut. — το)
Accusative case (whom? what? where to? — object of the action)
I'm drinking the coffee. (masc. — τον)
I see the beach. (fem. — την)
I'm booking the hotel for two nights. (neut. — το)
Genitive case (of whom? of what? whose? — possession, connection)
The price of the coffee is two euros. (masc. — του)
The sand of the beach is warm. (fem. — της)
The view from the hotel is wonderful. (neut. — του)
3. The definite article in the plural
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative Who? What? |
οι | οι | τα |
| Accusative Whom? What? |
τους | τις | τα |
| Genitive Of whom? Of what? Whose? |
των | των | των |
Examples in the plural
My friends live in Nicosia.
I'm seeing my friends on Saturday.
The tavernas are open.
I'm looking for the tavernas near the sea.
The tickets are cheap.
I'm buying the tickets online.
The price of the tickets is good.
4. How to work out the case
| Situation | Greek example | Translation | Why this article |
|---|---|---|---|
| Someone does an action | Ο οδηγός μιλάει ελληνικά. | The driver speaks Greek. | ο: masculine, nominative case |
| I see an object | Βλέπω τον οδηγό. | I see the driver. | τον: masculine, accusative case |
| Possession | Το αυτοκίνητο του οδηγού είναι κόκκινο. | The driver's car is red. | του: masculine, genitive case |
| Feminine as subject | Η στάση είναι εδώ. | The bus stop is here. | η: feminine, nominative case |
| Feminine as object | Ψάχνω την στάση. | I'm looking for the bus stop. | την: feminine, accusative case |
| Neuter | Κλείνω το δωμάτιο. | I'm booking the room. | το: neuter, accusative case |
5. The indefinite article: ένας / μία / ένα
The indefinite article means "a", "an", "one", "some". It's used when a thing or person is mentioned for the first time.
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ένας | μία / μια | ένα |
| Accusative | έναν | μία / μια | ένα |
| Genitive | ενός | μίας / μιας | ενός |
Examples with the indefinite article
A man is waiting for a taxi.
I see a man at the entrance.
A woman is buying halloumi.
I'd like a salad and a coffee.
A child is playing in the square.
I have an apartment in Larnaca.
6. Definite or indefinite?
| Meaning | Greek | English |
|---|---|---|
| Mentioning something for the first time | Θέλω έναν καφέ. | I'd like a coffee. |
| Talking about a specific coffee | Πίνω τον καφέ. | I'm drinking the coffee / my coffee. |
| Mentioning an apartment for the first time | Ψάχνω ένα διαμέρισμα. | I'm looking for an apartment. |
| The apartment is already known | Βλέπω το διαμέρισμα σήμερα. | I'm viewing the apartment today. |
7. Everyday Cyprus context
In Cyprus you'll often use articles in situations involving cafés, renting, transport, the beach and paperwork.
Where is the bus stop?
I want to rent a car.
I'm paying the bill by card.
The beach at Ayia Napa is well known.
The shops in Nicosia close early on Sunday.
The roads in Limassol are busy in the morning.
8. Common mistakes
| Mistake | Correct | Why |
|---|---|---|
| ο σπίτι | το σπίτι | σπίτι is neuter |
| βλέπω ο φίλος | βλέπω τον φίλο | After "I see" you need the accusative case |
| η πρόβλημα | το πρόβλημα | Words ending in -μα are often neuter |
| ψάχνω η παραλία | ψάχνω την παραλία | Object of the action: accusative case |
| οι παιδιά | τα παιδιά | παιδιά is neuter plural |
| θέλω ένας καφές | θέλω έναν καφέ | After "I want" you need the accusative case |
9. Quick cheat sheet
| If the word is... | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Masculine, doing the action | ο | ο φίλος — the friend |
| Masculine, object of the action | τον | βλέπω τον φίλο — I see the friend |
| Feminine, who or what | η | η πόλη — the city |
| Feminine, object of the action | την | ξέρω την πόλη — I know the city |
| Neuter | το | το νερό — the water |
| Possession | του / της / των | το σπίτι της Μαρίας — Maria's house |
10. Quick practice
Exercise 1. Choose the correct article
1. ___ καφές είναι κρύος.
2. Βλέπω ___ θάλασσα.
3. ___ σπίτι είναι μεγάλο.
4. Ψάχνω ___ φίλο μου.
5. ___ παιδιά παίζουν έξω.
Answers to Exercise 1
1. Ο καφές είναι κρύος. — The coffee is cold.
2. Βλέπω τη/την θάλασσα. — I see the sea.
3. Το σπίτι είναι μεγάλο. — The house is big.
4. Ψάχνω τον φίλο μου. — I'm looking for my friend.
5. Τα παιδιά παίζουν έξω. — The children are playing outside.
Exercise 2. Translate into Greek
1. I'd like a coffee.
2. Where is the beach?
3. I see the bus.
4. The price of the apartment is high.
5. The shops are open.
Possible answers to Exercise 2
1. Θέλω έναν καφέ.
2. Πού είναι η παραλία;
3. Βλέπω το λεωφορείο.
4. Η τιμή του διαμερίσματος είναι υψηλή.
5. Τα μαγαζιά είναι ανοιχτά.
Exercise 3. Correct the mistakes
1. Βλέπω ο γιατρός.
2. Η σπίτι είναι κοντά.
3. Θέλω ένας χυμός.
4. Οι εισιτήρια είναι ακριβά.
5. Το πόρτα είναι ανοιχτή.
Answers to Exercise 3
1. Βλέπω τον γιατρό. — I see the doctor.
2. Το σπίτι είναι κοντά. — The house is nearby.
3. Θέλω έναν χυμό. — I'd like a juice.
4. Τα εισιτήρια είναι ακριβά. — The tickets are expensive.
5. Η πόρτα είναι ανοιχτή. — The door is open.
11. What to remember today
- ο / η / το — when the noun is the subject.
- τον / την / το — when the noun is the object of the action.
- του / της / του and των — for possession and connection.
- οι is used for masculine and feminine in the plural.
- τα is used for neuter in the plural.
- ένας / μία / ένα — when you mean "a", "an", "one", "some".
- Always learn a word's gender together with its article: not just καφές, but ο καφές.