Day 12 of 25: Pronouns in Greek A2
Topic: personal, possessive and demonstrative pronouns: εγώ, αυτός, μου, σου, αυτό το κράτος, αυτή η πόλη.
Context: everyday Greek in Cyprus: cities, the state, family, friends, work, documents and simple dialogues.
1. What you need to learn
- Personal pronouns: who is speaking, who is being addressed, who is being talked about: εγώ, εσύ, αυτός, αυτή, αυτό.
- Possessive pronouns: whose object or person it is: μου, σου, του, της, μας, σας, τους.
- Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those: αυτός ο, αυτή η, αυτό το.
- Word order: in Greek the possessive μου, σου usually comes after the noun: η πόλη μου.
- Agreement: αυτός, αυτή, αυτό are chosen according to the gender of the noun.
2. Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns name a person: "I", "you", "he", "she", "it", "we", "you", "they".
| English | Greek | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | εγώ | Εγώ μένω στη Λευκωσία. | I live in Nicosia. |
| you (sing.) | εσύ | Εσύ μένεις στη Λεμεσό; | Do you live in Limassol? |
| he | αυτός | Αυτός είναι από την Πάφο. | He is from Paphos. |
| she | αυτή | Αυτή δουλεύει στη Λάρνακα. | She works in Larnaca. |
| it / this | αυτό | Αυτό είναι το διαβατήριό μου. | This is my passport. |
| we | εμείς | Εμείς μαθαίνουμε ελληνικά. | We are learning Greek. |
| you (pl.) | εσείς | Εσείς είστε από την Κύπρο; | Are you from Cyprus? |
| they | αυτοί / αυτές / αυτά | Αυτοί είναι φίλοι μου. | They are my friends. |
Examples
3. Short forms: me, you, him, her
When the pronoun is the object of an action, the short forms are often used: με, σε, τον, την, το.
| English | Greek | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| me | με | Με βλέπεις; | Do you see me? |
| you | σε | Σε ακούω καλά. | I hear you well. |
| him | τον | Τον ξέρω. | I know him. |
| her | την | Την βλέπω κάθε μέρα. | I see her every day. |
| it / him / her for neuter | το | Το θέλω. | I want it. |
Important: the short pronoun is usually placed before the verb.
4. Possessive pronouns: μου, σου
Possessive pronouns answer the question "whose?". In Greek the short forms are placed after the noun.
| English | Greek | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| my | μου | η πόλη μου | my city |
| your (sing.) | σου | το σπίτι σου | your house |
| his | του | ο φίλος του | his friend |
| her | της | η μητέρα της | her mother |
| our | μας | το μάθημά μας | our lesson |
| your (pl.) | σας | η διεύθυνσή σας | your address |
| their | τους | το αυτοκίνητό τους | their car |
Examples in a Cyprus context
5. Demonstrative pronouns: αυτός, αυτή, αυτό
Αυτός, αυτή, αυτό can mean "this" (masculine, feminine, neuter) or "he", "she", "it" depending on the context.
| Gender | Form | With a noun | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | αυτός | αυτός ο άντρας | this man |
| feminine | αυτή | αυτή η πόλη | this city |
| neuter | αυτό | αυτό το κράτος | this state |
Formula: demonstrative pronoun + article + noun.
| Correct | Why | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| αυτός ο φίλος | φίλος is masculine: ο φίλος | this friend |
| αυτή η πόλη | πόλη is feminine: η πόλη | this city |
| αυτό το κράτος | κράτος is neuter: το κράτος | this state |
| αυτά τα νησιά | νησιά is neuter plural: τα νησιά | these islands |
Key examples
6. How to tell "he" from "this"
| Phrase | Meaning | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Αυτός είναι φίλος μου. | αυτός stands on its own | He is my friend. |
| Αυτός ο φίλος μου μένει στην Πάφο. | αυτός ο comes before the noun | This friend of mine lives in Paphos. |
| Αυτή είναι η πόλη μου. | αυτή = she / this | This is my city. |
| Αυτή η πόλη είναι η Λεμεσός. | αυτή η πόλη = this city | This city is Limassol. |
7. Case in simple phrases
At level A2 it is important to notice that the form can change when we say "I see this person" or "I love this city".
| Nominative case | Accusative case | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| αυτός ο άντρας | βλέπω αυτόν τον άντρα | this man / I see this man |
| αυτή η πόλη | αγαπώ αυτή την πόλη | this city / I love this city |
| αυτό το κράτος | ξέρω αυτό το κράτος | this state / I know this state |
8. Common mistakes
| Mistake | Correct | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| μου πόλη | η πόλη μου | μου goes after the noun. |
| αυτό πόλη | αυτή η πόλη | πόλη is feminine, so you need the article η. |
| αυτή το κράτος | αυτό το κράτος | κράτος is neuter. |
| εγώ μένεις | εγώ μένω | The verb must match the person: εγώ μένω, εσύ μένεις. |
| βλέπω αυτός | βλέπω αυτόν | After "I see" you need the object form. |
9. Quick practice
Exercise 1. Choose the correct form
1. ___ μένω στη Λευκωσία. (εγώ / εσύ)
2. ___ η πόλη είναι όμορφη. (αυτό / αυτή)
3. ___ το κράτος είναι μικρό. (αυτός / αυτό)
4. Η φίλη ___ μένει στη Λάρνακα. (μου / εγώ)
5. Το σπίτι ___ είναι κοντά στη θάλασσα; (σου / εσύ)
Answers: 1. εγώ, 2. αυτή, 3. αυτό, 4. μου, 5. σου.
Exercise 2. Translate into Greek
1. This is my city.
2. This friend lives in Paphos.
3. I love this city.
4. Is your house in Limassol?
5. This state is small.
Possible answers:
1. Αυτή είναι η πόλη μου.
2. Αυτός ο φίλος μένει στην Πάφο.
3. Αγαπώ αυτή την πόλη.
4. Το σπίτι σου είναι στη Λεμεσό;
5. Αυτό το κράτος είναι μικρό.
Exercise 3. Correct the mistakes
1. Μου πόλη είναι η Λευκωσία.
2. Αυτό πόλη είναι μεγάλη.
3. Αυτή το κράτος είναι στην Ευρώπη.
4. Εσύ μένω στην Κύπρο.
Answers:
1. Η πόλη μου είναι η Λευκωσία.
2. Αυτή η πόλη είναι μεγάλη.
3. Αυτό το κράτος είναι στην Ευρώπη.
4. Εσύ μένεις στην Κύπρο.
10. Short dialogue
Διάλογος στην Κύπρο — A dialogue in Cyprus
Άννα: Εσύ μένεις στη Λευκωσία;
Ιρίνα: Ναι, αυτή είναι η πόλη μου. Εσύ;
Άννα: Εγώ μένω στη Λεμεσό. Το σπίτι μου είναι κοντά στη θάλασσα.
Ιρίνα: Αυτή η πόλη είναι πολύ όμορφη.
Άννα: Ναι, και αυτό το κράτος έχει πολλές όμορφες πόλεις.
Translation:
Anna: Do you live in Nicosia?
Irina: Yes, this is my city. And you?
Anna: I live in Limassol. My house is near the sea.
Irina: This city is very beautiful.
Anna: Yes, and this state has many beautiful cities.
Summary of the day
- εγώ, εσύ, αυτός, αυτή, αυτό — personal pronouns.
- μου, σου are placed after the noun: η πόλη μου, το σπίτι σου.
- αυτός ο, αυτή η, αυτό το are used with a noun: αυτή η πόλη, αυτό το κράτος.
- In Greek you have to watch the gender: η πόλη, but το κράτος.
- The subject pronoun can often be dropped: Μένω στην Κύπρο = "I live in Cyprus".
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